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Physical AI
Overview Index
Defining Physical AI From Specialist to Generalist What are RFM & VLA? The Action Data Scaling Problem
Physical vs Cognitive Intelligence VLA & RFM Progress Humanoid Design The Need for Tactile Sensing Do Scaling Laws Apply to Robotics? Teleoperation Approach Limitations of VLM Backbone, Can World Models Be the Solution? Simulation & World Models Non-Teleop Data Collection Community-Driven Approach
Physical AI - The Age of Physical Intelligence is Coming
📋 VLA Models ACT (Action Chunking with Transformers) CraftNet Diffusion Policy Eagle (NVIDIA Eagle VLM) FAST (Fast Action Tokenizer) Figure Helix Gemini Robotics Generalist GEN-0 GR00T (Project GR00T) GR00T N1 GR00T N1.5 GR00T N1.6 GR00T-Dreams (DreamGen) LBM (Large Behavior Model) NVIDIA Cosmos (World Foundation Model) Octo OpenVLA Pi Series (Physical Intelligence) Pi*0.6 (pi-star-zero-point-six) Pi0 (pi-zero) Pi0.5 (pi-zero-point-five) Redwood AI (1X Technologies) RT (Robotics Transformer) SmolVLA Sunday ACT-1
📋 Companies 1X Technologies Boston Dynamics Covariant Figure AI Galbot Generalist AI Google DeepMind HuggingFace NVIDIA Physical Intelligence Skild AI Sunday Robotics Tesla Unitree World Labs
📋 Robot Hardware
1X NEO Agibot (Zhiyuan Robotics) Agility Digit Apptronik Apollo Boston Dynamics Atlas Figure Humanoid Fourier Humanoid Galaxea Humanoid HopeJR Noetix Bumi Reachy 2 Sanctuary Phoenix Tesla Optimus Unitree Humanoid
ANYbotics ANYmal Boston Dynamics Spot Unitree Quadrupeds
ALOHA Franka Emika Panda Franka Research 3 (FR3) Galaxea Arms (A1/A1X/A1Y) Interbotix / WidowX Kinova Robotics Koch v1.1 LeRobot Arms (SO-100/SO-101) UFACTORY xArm Series Universal Robots Series
Allegro Hand Clone Robotics Hand GEX Series Inspire Hand LEAP Hand PSYONIC Ability Hand Shadow Dexterous Hand
Mobile ALOHA
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📋 Key People Chelsea Finn Cheng Chi Fei-Fei Li Jim Fan Karol Hausman Pete Florence Pieter Abbeel Sergey Levine Shuran Song Tony Zhao Vincent Vanhoucke Yuke Zhu
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Knowledge Base / Physical AI / Essays / Limitations of VLM Backbone, Can World Models Be the Solution?

Limitations of VLM Backbone, Can World Models Be the Solution?

Structural limitations of VLM backbones in VLA and the potential of World Model approaches

Overview

TBD

Limitations of VLM Backbone

TBD

World Model Approach

TBD

See Also

  • Simulation & World Model
  • What are RFM & VLA?

See Also

  • Simulation & World Models
  • What are RFM & VLA?
Written by Jong Hyun Park
Last edited by Jong Hyun Park January 29, 2026
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Contents

Overview Limitations of VLM Backbone World Model Approach See Also
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